MODEL

ARCS
A= attention
R= relevance
C= confidence
S= satisfaction

dipopulori oleh John Keller. Guru dapat memotivasikan pelajarnya

ASSURE
A= analyze
S= state objective
S= select
U= utilize
R= require learner response
E= evaluation

sistem perancangan yang menggunakan media untuk pengajaran dan pembelajaran di bilik darjah

DALE CONE OF EXPERIENCE

lecture = 5 %
reading = 10 %
audio-visual = 20 %
demonstration = 30  %
discussion group = 50 %
practise by doing = 75 %
teach others / immediate use = 90 %